中荷芯片争端引发欧洲汽车制造业供应链危机
近日，荷兰政府于2025年9月30日依法接管了中国企业Wingtech控股的芯片制造商Nexperia，理由是担忧其技术可能转移至中国。作为回应，中国政府于10月4日发布出口管制令，禁止Nexperia及其分包商向外出口特定的半成品和子组件。这一突如其来的举措引发了全球汽车制造业的广泛关注，因为Nexperia生产的基础芯片在现代汽车中应用极为广泛。
Nexperia主要生产用于汽车电子控制单元（ECU）的基础芯片，如二极管、晶体管和MOSFET等，这些芯片广泛应用于汽车的照明、气囊、车窗控制、动力系统等关键组件。这些芯片虽然技术含量相对较低，但其在车辆正常运转中的关键作用却不可忽视。根据欧洲汽车制造商协会（ACEA）的数据，Nexperia的芯片在多个欧洲和北美汽车制造商的供应链中占有重要地位。
目前，Nexperia芯片的供应中断已开始对汽车生产造成直接影响，尤其是在欧洲市场。ACEA已发布声明，警告称，如果这一问题得不到快速解决，欧洲汽车制造商的生产将面临数周内的重大中断风险。德国的主要汽车制造商如大众、宝马、奔驰等均已启动应急预案，并寻求替代供应商。然而，由于Nexperia的芯片已经深度集成于多个一级供应商的复杂组件中，短期内找到替代品的难度极大，且替换工作可能需要数月时间。
此外，来自美国的汽车制造商也表示，如果这一芯片短缺问题持续，美国的生产计划也可能受到影响。美国汽车创新联盟已敦促美国政府采取措施，确保供应链不再受此影响。
目前，荷兰经济部长已计划与中国官员会面，寻求对这一问题的解决方案。
Recently, on September 30, 2025, the Dutch government took control of Nexperia, a chip manufacturer owned by China’s Wingtech Group, citing concerns over potential technology transfer to China. In response, the Chinese government issued an export ban on October 4, prohibiting Nexperia and its subcontractors from exporting certain semi-finished products and subcomponents. This sudden move has sparked widespread concern in the global automotive industry, as Nexperia’s chips are extensively used in modern vehicles.
Nexperia primarily manufactures essential chips for automotive electronic control units (ECUs), such as diodes, transistors, and MOSFETs. These chips are critical for key systems in vehicles, including lighting, airbags, window controls, and power systems. Although these chips are relatively low-tech, their importance in ensuring the smooth operation of vehicles cannot be overstated. According to the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), Nexperia’s chips play a crucial role in the supply chains of several European and North American automakers.
Currently, the disruption in Nexperia’s chip supply has started to directly impact vehicle production, particularly in the European market. ACEA has issued a statement warning that if the issue is not resolved quickly, major production interruptions could occur within weeks for European automakers. Major German automakers like Volkswagen, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz have already initiated emergency plans and are seeking alternative suppliers. However, since Nexperia’s chips are deeply integrated into complex components from first-tier suppliers, finding replacements in the short term is extremely difficult, and the process of replacing these chips may take months.
Additionally, automakers in the United States have also expressed concerns that prolonged shortages could disrupt their production schedules. The Alliance for Automotive Innovation has urged the U.S. government to take action to prevent further supply chain disruption.
Currently, the Dutch Ministry of Economy is planning to meet with Chinese officials to find a solution.